Electronic control module ECM : The ECM controls the fuel mixture, ignition timing, and emissions system; monitors the operation of the vehicle; safeguards the engine from abuse; and detects and troubleshoots problems.
Exhaust system: The exhaust system channels the exhaust gases from the engine out through the tailpipe. A three-way catalyst is designed to reduce engine-out emissions within the exhaust system.
Fuel filler: A nozzle from a fuel dispenser attaches to the receptacle on the vehicle to fill the tank. Fuel injection system: This system introduces fuel into the engine's combustion chambers for ignition. It includes the transmission , drive shaft , differential , the axles and the drive wheels that move the car. While most cars have drive wheels in the front, some have them in the back. Cars that need to drive over all kinds of ground have a four-wheel drive.
The transmission controls the speed and torque. When a car travels at a normal speed on a flat road it does not need so much torque to keep it moving, but when you want to start a car from a hill the engine must produce more power. Gears control speed and power of the engine in different driving conditions.
In cars with manual transmission you have to change gears by pressing down the clutch with your foot and moving a lever. Cars with automatic transmission change gears without control by the driver.
Lower gears give the car more torque and speed. When the car moves faster the transmission shifts to higher gears. The driveshaft carries the power to the axle which is connected to the wheels.
It has several joints which make the axle and wheels moveable as the car drives on uneven and bumpy roads. The differential is connected to the rear end of the driveshaft. It lets the wheels turn at different speeds because in curves the outer wheels must travel a greater distance than the inner ones. The steering system controls the front wheels. Turning the steering wheel makes them point to the left or right.
Most cars have power steering; a hydraulic system makes it easier for the driver to turn the wheels. The brake system slows down or stops the car. Brakes operate on all four wheels. There are two basic types of brakes: drum or disc brakes. In both cases a friction pad is pressed against a drum or disc with the help of a hydraulic system.
All cars have emergency hand brakes which you use if the hydraulic system fails. It is also called a parking brake because you use it to stop a vehicle from rolling down a hill. Antilock braking systems ABS keep the wheels turning when you step on the brakes. This computer controlled system prevents skidding if you are on a slippery road. The suspension system supports the weight of the car.
It has wheels, axles , tires and springs. Most cars have shock absorbers to guarantee a smooth ride.
Springs are between the axles of the wheels and the body of the car. They allow each wheel to move up and down on its own. The tires also help to make driving smoother. They are built so that they give the car grip on roads in all conditions. When a car burns fuel gases are produced. They must be removed so that new fuel can be burned.
It passes through a muffler into tail pipes. The muffler also keeps the car running quietly. For about thirty years cars have been equipped with a catalytic converter. It reduces pollution by converting harmful gases into carbon dioxide and water. The basic principle behind an internal combustion engine is fairly simple: a small amount of gasoline is ignited.
The energy released from this ignition explodes outward as an expanding gas. This exploding gas presses against the piston, making it move. This movement is transferred to the crankshaft via a connecting rod. The crankshaft revolves back into its starting position before being pushed upwards again. The basic steps in combustion:.
Understanding how an internal combustion engine works can help when it comes time for regular car maintenance. There are a couple of different types of internal combustion engines.
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